Installing Additional Drivers on an older version of Windows

When you create a network printer, and the printer is shared from a Windows operating system in the NT family (e.g. Windows NT 4, 2000, XP), the printer driver can be automatically installed on the client from the print server. This is part of the feature called Point and Print. In many cases, the operating system version of the client computer is not the same as that of the print server hosting the printer. In these cases, the printer driver for the client operating system must be added to the print server as a Additional Driver.

The dialog for adding Additional Drivers this has a fixed idea about what other operating systems exist. So, if your client is Windows XP and the print server is NT 4.0, you can't add an Additional Drivers for a printer for your client using the dialog on the Windows NT 4.0 print server. However, you can install Additional Drivers for Windows XP clients on the Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 2000 print server from a Windows XP computer.

The same applies to installing Additional Drivers for Windows 2000 clients on a Windows NT 4.0 print server.

Note that it doesn't matter what edition of the various operating systems are on either the client or server (e.g. the client could be Windows 2000 Server and the server could be Windows NT 4.0 Workstation).

Basically, what you do is, on a client workstation that has the "new" OS, temporarily add a local printer on a convenient port (e.g. lpt1) and install the Windows 2000 or XP printer driver. Then you connect to the Printers and Faxes (or Printers) folder on the print server from that same client and install the just installed driver as an Additional Driver.

Here's the details. These instructions are for adding a Windows XP printer driver to Windows NT 4 print server. If the client is Windows 2000 or the print server is Windows 2000, the actual dialogs may be slightly different, but the process is essentially the same.

Logon at a client computer with a user account that has administrative rights and permissions on the print server computer.

Click Start, Printers and Faxes

Right click in an empty space in the right pane and select Add Printer

Click Next

Select the Local Printer… radio button, remove the check mark from Automatically detect and install my Plug and Play printer; click Next

Leave the LPT1: port selected; click Next. You will be adding the printer as if the print device is on the local computer’s parallel port, then deleting the printer later. This is just a way to get the XP driver installed, which is a pre-requisite to adding it as an Additional Driver on the server.

(#) If you are going to use the printer driver delivered with Windows XP, select the appropriate make and model. If you have downloaded a printer driver from a web site or have the driver on a floppy or CD, click Have Disk, Browse and navigate to wherever the driver is. Depending on how the driver is packaged, you may get a list of several printer models; in that case, select the appropriate printer model.

Follow through to the end of the Add Printer wizard (don't share the printer and don't ask for a test print)

Delete the local printer you just added; the printer driver is now installed and will NOT be deleted when you delete the local printer

Click Start, Run

Key \\printservername and press Enter

Scroll down in the left pane and click Printers and Faxes in the Windows Explorer window that opens

Right click on the printer you want to add the Additional Drivers for and select Properties

If you get told that a suitable driver has not been installed on your computer for this printer, click Yes and navigate to the same folder you used in step (#). If there are multiple printer models in the list, select the same you used in step (#)

Select the Sharing tab

Select the Shared radio button

Click the Additional Drivers button

Add a check mark to the Windows 2000 or XP item in the list; click OK

If you get a dialog box asking you to insert disks, click the Browse button and navigate to the same folder you specified in step 7; click OK

If you get a message box saying that “… the operation could not be completed…”. Click OK to clear the message box. Go back to step . For some unknown reason, this process sometimes fails the first time, but succeeds on the second attempt.

Click Close

Internet Introduction

By the turn of the century, information, including access to the Internet, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political advancement. The popular name for the Internet is the information superhighway. Whether you want to find the latest financial news, browse through library catalogs, exchange information with colleagues, or join in a lively political debate, the Internet is the tool that will take you beyond telephones, faxes, and isolated computers to a burgeoning networked information frontier.
The Internet supplements the traditional tools you use to gather information, Data Graphics, News and correspond with other people. Used skillfully, the Internet shrinks the world and brings information, expertise, and knowledge on nearly every subject imaginable straight to your computer.

What is the Internet?

The Internet links are computer networks all over the world so that users can share resources and communicate with each other. Some computers, have direct access to all the facilities on the Internet such as the universities. And other computers, eg privately-owned ones, have indirect links through a commercial service provider, who offers some or all of the Internet facilities. In order to be connected to Internet, you must go through service suppliers. Many options are offered with monthly rates. Depending on the option chosen, access time may vary.
The Internet is what we call a metanetwork, that is, a network of networks that spans the globe. It's impossible to give an exact count of the number of networks or users that comprise the Internet, but it is easily in the thousands and millions respectively. The Internet employs a set of standardized protocols which allow for the sharing of resources among different kinds of computers that communicate with each other on the network. These standards, sometimes referred to as the Internet Protocol Suite, are the rules that developers adhere to when creating new functions for the Internet.
The Internet is also what we call a distributed system; there is no central archives. Technically, no one runs the Internet. Rather, the Internet is made up of thousands of smaller networks. The Internet thrives and develops as its many users find new ways to create, display and retrieve the information that constitutes the Internet.

Introduction to PDF Files

1.) Introduction to PDF Files

Adobe Acrobat Introduction
You can use Adobe Acrobat to create PDF files which can be emailed or downloaded easily and viewed or printed with Acrobat Reader. The PDF format is great for distributing manuals, online newsletters, resumes, forms and graphics. PDF files can be created from any source document including:
• Microsoft Office applications like Word and Excel
• Graphics and layout programs like Photoshop and QuarkXPress
• Scanned documents and digital camera images
PDF files can be used to:
• share documents among different platforms
• ensure that documents downloaded from the web will print well
• easily distribute information electronically
PDF files can:
• include multimedia features such as sound and movies
• be viewed like a slideshow (for sales presentations, kiosk displays, etc.)
• have security features such as password, or prevent printing, editing, copying, etc.
You can edit PDF files with Acrobat, and set up links and navigation systems for your PDF documents.
The Acrobat Product Line
Acrobat Reader Free software used for viewing, printing, searching, and copying text and graphics in PDF documents.
Acrobat Elements Includes the functions of Reader plus the ability to create PDF files from Microsoft applications. This is priced low but has licensing restrictions.
Acrobat Standard Includes all of the functions of Reader plus the ability to create PDF files, use security, edit files and use comments.
Acrobat Professional This is the full version of Acrobat, including all features included in Standard, plus additional options like forms creation, batch processing, additional editing and commenting tools. Enhanced viewing tools, guides and rulers, and layers are only available in Professional.

What Is Gopher ?

Gopher is a client/server system that allows you to access many Internet resources simply by making selections from a sequence of menus. Each time you make a selection, Gopher carries out your request to the computer that contains the information and "serves" it up. For example, if you select a menu item that represents a text file, Gopher will get that file--wherever it happens to be--and display it for you. As you use Gopher, some menu items lead to other menus. If you choose one of these, Gopher will retrieve the new menu and display it for you. Thus you can move from menu to menu, using only a few key strokes or a mouse to navigate. The power of Gopher is that the resources listed in a menu may be anywhere on the Internet. As Gopher connects to computers to comply with your menu selection, you don't need to be preoccupied with the behind-the-scenes work of connecting to and disconnecting from these various computers. Gopher does this for you without your even needing to be aware of it. This automatic connecting makes Gopher popular and useful.

 

Where did Gopher come from?

"Born" in April 1991, gopher began as a project at the Microcomputer, Workstation, and Networks Center at the University of Minnesota to help people on campus get answers to computer-related questions. At the time, the computer center staff had accumulated answers to thousands of questions regarding computers and software.
What was needed was an easy and efficient way to deliver this information to students, faculty and staff. Thus, the creation of Gopher reaffirms the adage that necessity is the mother of invention.

Why is it called Gopher?

The name "Gopher" is appropriate for three reasons:

1. 
   
   Just as a real gopher successfully navigates beneath the prairie, the Internet Gopher tunnels through the invisible paths of the Internet to help you find the information you want.
2. 
   
   The name refers to someone who fetches things or provides service for other people.
3. 
   
   The Golden Gopher is the mascot of the University of Minnesota.

History & Development of the Internet

In its infancy, the Internet was originally conceived by the Department of Defense as a way to protect government communications systems in the event of a military strike. The original network, dubbed ARPANet (for the Advanced Research Projects Agency that developed it) evolved into a communications channel among contractors, military personnel, and university researchers who were contributing to ARPA projects.
The network employed a set of standard protocols to create an effective way for these people to communicate and share data with each other.
ARPAnet's popularity continued to spread among researchers, and in the 1980's the National Science Foundation, whose NSFNet, linked several high speed computers, took charge of the what had come to be known as the Internet.

 

By the late 1980's, thousands of cooperating networks were participating in the Internet.
In 1991, the U.S. High Performance Computing Act established the NREN (National Research & Education Network). NREN's goal was to develop and maintain high-speed networks for research and education, and to investigate commercial uses for the Internet.
The rest, as they say, is history in the making. The Internet has been improved through the developments of such services as Gopher and the World Wide Web.
Even though the Internet is predominantly thought of as a research oriented network, it continues to grow as an informational, creative, and commercial resource every day and all over the world.

Who Pays for the Internet?

There is no clear answer to this question because the Internet is not one "thing", it's many things. No one central agency exists that charges individual Internet users. Rather, individuals and institutions who use the Internet pay a local or regional Internet service provider for their share of services. And in turn, those smaller Internet service providers might purchase services from an even larger network. So basically, everyone who uses the Internet in some way pays for part of it.

Electronic mail on the internet

Electronic mail, or e-mail, is probably the most popular and widely used Internet function. E-mail, email, or just mail, is a fast and efficient way to communicate with friends or colleagues. You can communicate with one person at a time or thousands; you can receive and send files and other information. You can even subscribe to electronic journals and newsletters. You can send an e-mail message to a person in the same building or on the other side of the world.

How does E-mail Work?

E-mail is an asynchronous form of communication, meaning that the person whom you want to read your message doesn't have to be available at the precise moment you send your message. This is a great convenience for both you and the recipient.

On the other hand, the telephone, which is a synchronous communication medium, requires that both you and your listener be on the line at the same time in order for you to communicate (unless you leave a voice message). It will be impossible to discuss all the details of the many e-mail packages available to Internet users.

 

Fortunately, however, most of these programs share basic functionality which allow you to:
     *send and receive mail messages
     *save your messages in a file
     *print mail messages
     *reply to mail messages
     *attach a file to a mail message 

Reading an Internet Address:

To use Internet e-mail successfully, you must understand how the names and addresses for computers and people on the Internet are formatted. Mastering this technique is just as important as knowing how to use telephone numbers or postal addresses correctly.
Fortunately, after you get the hang of them, Internet addresses are usually no more complex than phone numbers and postal addresses.
And, like those methods of identifying a person, an organization, or a geographic location--usually by a telephone number or a street address--Internet addresses have rules and conventions for use.
Sample Internet Address: custcare@aucegypt.edu
     The Internet address has three parts:
  1.a user name [custcare in the example above]
  2.an "at" sign (@)
  3.the address of the user's mail server [aucegypt.edu in the example above] Sometimes it's useful to read an Internet address (like custcare@aucegypt.edu) or a domain name from right to left because it helps you determine information about the source of the address.
An address like 201B6DQF@asu.edu doesn't tell me much about the person who's sending me a message, but I can deduce that the sender is affiliated with an educational institution because of the suffix edu.
The right-most segment of domain names usually adhere to the naming conventions listed below:

EDU   Educational sites in the United States
COM  Commercial sites in the United States
GOV  Government sites in the United States
NET   Network administrative organizations
MIL    Military sites in the United States
ORG  Organizations in the U.S. not covered by the categories above (e.g., non-profit orginaizations).

.xx      where xx is the country code (e.g., .eg for Egypt).

Introduction:

Once you've become adept at using e-mail, you may want to communicate with others on the Internet who share your interests. Newsgroups are one way to do this; the other is through an electronic discussion group. An electronic discussion is a group of persons who have come together to discuss a particular topic via e-mail. There are several methods that network users can use to participate in electronic discussions; however, the basic purpose is to bring together persons with similar interests to share information, ideas, problems, solutions, and opinions. Since an electronic discussion is conducted by e-mail, it's commonly called a mailing list.
If you find yourself interested in a topic, you can subscribe to a suitable mailing list. From then on, any message sent to the mailing list is automatically distributed as electronic mail to you--as well as to all previously subscribed members of that particular discussion. The beauty of a mailing list is that traffic (the mail generated by that list) covers a specific topic and the
mail it generates comes straight to your electronic mailbox, without any extra work on your part.  There are thousands of mailing lists operating on the Internet, dedicated to myriad topics. Some are created to serve local needs only (i.e., a list for the members of a regional computer user group), while many are open to anyone on the network. There are discussions on professional topics, vocational subjects, and topics of personal interest. You can roughly separate the thousands of mailing lists available on the Internet into the following groups: 

Types of discussion lists:

Moderated vs. Unmoderated Lists
Mailing lists can be moderated or unmoderated. The distinction is whether messages are automatically forwarded to all subscribers (unmoderated) or whether a moderator (a human being) first screens and perhaps combines similar messages before sending them to subscribers (moderated). 

Open vs. Closed Lists
Electronic discussions can also be "open" or "closed." Anyone can subscribe to an open discussion, but a closed discussion is limited to a particular group of persons, for example, those in a particular professional field.

Internet Work

2-what makes the internet work?

The unique thing about the Internet is that it allows many different computers to connect and talk to each other. This is possible because of a set of standards, known as protocols, that govern the transmission of data over the network: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Most people who use the Internet aren't so interested in details related to these protocols. They do, however, want to know what they can do on the Internet and how to do it effectively.

The Client/Server Model:

The most popular Internet tools operate as client/server systems. You're running a program called a Web client. This piece of software displays documents for you and carries out your requests. If it becomes necessary to connect to another type of service--say, to set up a Telnet session, or to download a file--your Web client will take care of this, too. Your Web client connects (or "talks") to a Web server to ask for information on your behalf.

The Web server is a computer running another type of Web software which provides data, or "serves up" an information resource to your Web client.

All of the basic Internet tools--including Telnet, FTP, Gopher, and the World Wide Web--are based upon the cooperation of a client and one or more servers. In each case, you interact with the client program and it manages the details of how data is presented to you or the way in which you can look for resources. In turn, the client interacts with one or more servers where the information resides. The server receives a request, processes it, and sends a result, without having to know the details of your computer system, because the client software on your computer system is handling those details.
The advantage of the client/server model lies in distributing the work so that each tool can focus or specialize on particular tasks: the server serves information to many users while the client software for each user handles the individual user's interface and other details of the requests and results.

The Use of Local Clients:

Every computer should be equipped with basic client software packages that allow you to perform functions such as electronic mail, Telnet, Gopher, and FTP.

Introduction to network news

Network News (sometimes referred to as Usenet News) is a service comprised of several thousand electronic discussions providing users an effective way to share information with others on just about any topic.

If you're unclear about the concept of Network News, it's helpful to think about a bulletin
board that you might see on campus.
Here, one might find posted messages advertising a futon for sale, asking for students to join a math study group. In the newsgroup environment, the same kind of process take place:
User X may access a newsgroup on a particular topic and post a message, question, or respond to a previously posted message, and anyone accessing that newsgroup would then be able to see User X's message.
Network News newsgroups provide this same kind of forum online, where users have access to the messages posted by all other users of that newsgroup.
Network News has been described as an "international meeting place" where you're likely to find a discussion going on just about anything.

How Does Network News work?

Messages posted on Network News newsgroups are sent from host computer to host computer all over the world, using the network news transfer protocol.
Because Network News newsgroups are located on one server, Network News is a very efficient way to share information that might otherwise be disseminated to several individual users.
This way, several people can read a given newsgroup message, but the host system stores only one copy of it.

Newsgroups: What's in a Name?

As mentioned before, Network News is essentially made up of newsgroups, each newsgroup a collection of messages focusing on a related theme.
You can probably find a newsgroup on any topic, no matter how arcane or bizarre.
A newsgroup's name gives you a good idea of that group's focus, and also illustrates the hierarchical naming scheme given to newsgroups.
Newsgroups with the prefix comp, for example, are for computer-related topics.
After the initial prefix, you'll see an additional series of names assigned to the newsgroup that tell its specific concern: Note the following examples:

comp.mac.performa for "computers--macintosh--performas"
rec.auto.antique for "recreation--autos--antiques"
alt.backrubs for "alternative--backrubs"
soc.culture.japan for "social--culture--japan"

Remote Login & File Transfer:
Introduction to telnet:
Telnet is the protocol used to establish a login session on a remote computer on the network. While many computers on the Internet require users to have authorization, others are open to the public and can be logged onto with telnet. Telnet is not a method to transfer files from one machine to another, but rather is a way to remotely connect to another system with priveleges to run specific programs on that system. Some uses of the Telnet protocol include:
connecting to a library catalog to search that library's collection connecting to a location that allows public priveleges to search its campus information system connecting to a location that gives you an up-to-the minute weather report

Basic Telnet Commands
open - establishes a connection to the specified host.close - closes an open connection and leaves you in the telnet software quit - closes any open telnet sessions and exits the telnet software. When using a telnet program like NCSA Telnet, you invoke these commands by way of pull-down menus or command keys.

Mouse Operation

Holding the Mouse
Rest your hand on the mouse so that your forefinger and middle finger are resting on the left mouse button and right mouse button, respectively. Your thumb and ring and pinky fingers will rest on the sides of the mouse, and your palm will rest on the remaining portion of the top of the mouse. Do not grip the mouse. Rest your wrist on the table.

Moving the Mouse
The mouse should be placed on a flat surface or mouse pad, trackball facing down and buttons facing up. The mouse cursor moves when the track ball is moved across a flat surface. If the ball does not roll, the mouse cursor does not move. Try lifting the mouse off the pad and setting it down at the other side of the pad. The mouse cursor position will not change.

Mouse Buttons and Operation
Click
Press the left mouse button once with your forefinger, which is resting on the button. This will move the text cursor to that location on the page.
Double-Click
Rapidly click the left mouse button twice. This is often done to select a word or open a program.

Click and Drag
To drag means to hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse on the pad. Example: To highlight or select text, click (single click, left button) where you want to begin. Drag the cursor to the end of the desired text. Release the mouse button. The text is now selected. To select one word, double-click it.
Drag and Drop
Some items can be moved by clicking the item, holding down the mouse button, and dragging the item to a new location.
Right-Click
Click the right mouse button once for context-sensitive functions.
Scrolling
Scrolling means moving up and down within a web page or other computer window. This is done by using the mouse to move the elevator up and down within the scroll bar at the far right of this screen. You can do this three ways:

To move one line at a time, click on the up arrow at the top of the scroll bar or the down arrow at the bottom.

To move one screen at a time, click on the empty space within the scroll bar, above or below the elevator.

To move anywhere within the document, point to the elevator itself. Press and hold down the left mouse button. Now you can slide the elevator up or down by moving the mouse on the mouse pad. Release the button when you are in the desired location.

Type of Click : Click

How to Perform Click : One click of the left mouse button

When to use Click :1. To select an image or icon

2.To move items around the computer's desktop

3.To navigate the cursor through a word processing program

Type of Click : Double-Click

How to Perform Click : Two clicks of the left mouse button

When to use Click : To execute an action such as opening a program

Type of Click : Right-Click

How to Perform Click : One click of the right mouse button

When to use Click :To expose shortcuts in a variety of programs

Turning on the Computer

To turn on the computer, press the power button on the front of the CPU. The power button has this symbol. Depress the button and the computer will begin to boot up. The term boot up refers to the loading of the operating system and other basic software. The procedure also determines what peripheral devices are connected to the computer.

Other Equipment
The monitor must also be powered along with any other peripheral devices (such as a printer or scanner), other than the keyboard and mouse. The keyboard and mouse receive power from the CPU.

Lights on the Front
Green lights indicate that the power is on and the equipment is running.
Orange lights indicate that the equipment is in a low-power or sleep mode. The equipment is still on but not running.

Note: Computers should be plugged into a surge protector (suppressor) or UPS (uninterruptible power supply). A surge protector protects the computer from power surges that can occur in electrical lines. An UPS has a battery that will maintain power for a period of time in the event of a power outage. This enables the user to shut the computer down properly before the discontinuation of power from the source.

Installing Additional Drivers on the print server doesn't work

For some printer (actually print device) models, the manufacturer does not package the drivers so that they can be installed as Additional Drivers on a print server. This is the case for many of the less expensive bubble jet, inkjet and multi-function (e.g. scanner/fax/printer) models. The manufacturers deem these to be "personal" printers for use only on the computer to which they are physically connected (parallel, USB or serial port). The manufacturer often says that printing over the network is "not supported" for these models.

If you attempt to install the drivers for these models as Additional Drivers (see for example Install Additional Driver on older OS), you will get some kind of an error or a request for the driver that can not be satisfied no matter what you do.

Unfortunately, there are some models that can not be used over the network because the print device and printer driver have to be in bi-directional communication throughout the printing process. The manufacturer's documentation does not always make this requirement apparent, although there may be FAQs or other documents on the manufacturer's web site that state this.

Except for those models discussed in the previous paragraph, you can bypass this problem by adding the printer as a local printer on the client computer and associating the printer with a network printer port (i.e. re-direct it to the printer share on the print server). No harm will be done by trying this approach if it doesn't work, so it's usually worth a try.

Here's how to install a printer locally and re-direct it to a network printer port. These instructions are written for Windows XP This technique does work with Windows Vista, 2008, 2003, 2000, and Windows 98 (they may work with Windows 95 and ME also), but the dialogs are a bit different, so you may have to read between the lines.

Logon at the client computer with a user account that has administrative rights and permissions on the client computer.

Click Start, Printers and Faxes

Right click in an empty space in the right pane and select Add Printer

Click Next

Select the Local Printer… radio button, remove the check mark from Automatically detect and install my Plug and Play printer; click Next

Select the Create a new port: radio button; from the Type of port: drop down list, select Local Port; click Next

In the Enter a port name: text box, key exactly the UNC name of the network printer; click OK

Selecting the appropriate entries from the Manufacturer and Printers columns or click the Have Disk button as appropriate

Follow through the rest of the Add Printer wizard; when you get to the Name Your Printer panel, either accept the default, or key the name you want this printer to be known by on this computer.

World Wide Web

Introduction to the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (also referred to as WWW or W3) is the fastest growing area of the Internet. While gopher was an important step in allowing users to "browse" through the Internet's vast resources, the World Wide Web has raised excitement about the Internet to new heights.
What makes the World Wide Web appealing and innovative is its use of hypertext as a way of linking documents to each other. A highlighted word or phrase in one document acts as a pointer to another document that amplifies or relates to the first document. When looking at a WWW document, the reader doesn't have to follow every pointer, or link (also called a hypertext link), only those that look interesting or useful. In this way, the user tailors the experience to suit his or her needs or interests. The other very appealing aspect of the World Wide Web is the use of graphics and sound capabilities. Documents on the WWW include text, but they may also include still images, video, and audio for a very exciting presentation. People who create WWW documents often include a photograph of themselves along with detailed professional information and personal interests. (This is often called a person's home page.)

What makes the WWW work?

WWW is another example of client/server computing. Each time a link is followed, the client is requesting a document (or graphic or sound file) from a server (also called a Web server) that's part of the World Wide Web that "serves" up the document. The server uses a protocol called HTTP or HyperText Transport Protocol. The standard for creating hypertext documents for the WWW is HyperText Markup Language or HTML. HTML essentially codes plain text documents so they can be viewed on the Web.

Uniform Resource Locators, or URLs:

A Uniform Resource Locator, or URL is the address of a document you'll find on the WWW. Your WWW browser interprets the information in the URL in order to connect to the proper Internet server and to retrieve your desired document. Each time you click on a hyperlink in a WWW document, you're actually instructing your browser to find the URL that's embedded within the hyperlink.
The elements in a URL:Protocol://server's address/filename
Hypertext protocol: http://www.aucegypt.edu
Gopher protocol: gopher://gopher.umm.tc.edu
File Transfer Protocol: ftp://ftp.dartmouth.edu
Telnet Protocol: telnet://pac.carl.org
News Protocol: news:alt.rock-n-roll.stones
WWW Clients, or "Broswers":
The program you use to access the WWW is known as a browser because it "browses" the WWW and requests these hypertext documents. Browsers can be graphical, like Netscape and Mosaic, allowing you to see and hear the graphics and audio; text-only browsers (i.e., those with no sound or graphics capability) are also available. All of these programs understand
http and other Internet protocols such as FTP, gopher, mail, and news, making the WWW a kind of "one stop shopping" for Internet users.

Chatting:

Internet Relay Chat (IRC), the other method for Internet conversation, is less common than talk because someone must set up the Chat before others can join in. Chat sessions allow many users to join in the same free-form conversation, usually centered around a discussion topic. When users see a topic that interests them, they type a command to join and then type another command to choose a nickname. Nicknames allow people in the session to find you on IRC Networks or Channels. 

A look at search engines:
The World Wide Web is "indexed" through the use of search engines, which are also referred to as "spiders," "robots," "crawlers," or "worms". These search engines comb through the Web documents, identifying text that is the basis for keyword searching. Each search engine works in a different way. Some engines scan for information in the title or header of the document; others look at the bold "headings" on the page for their information. The fact that search engines gather information differently means that each will probably yield different results. Therefore, it's wise to try more than one search engine when doing Web searching.

The list below lists several search engines and how each one gathers information, plus resources that evaluate the search engines. 

Selected Search Engines (listed alphabetically)
Alta Vista
Alta Vista, maintained by The Digital Equipment Corp., indexes the full text of over 16 million pages including newsgroups. Check out the Alta Vista Tips page.

Excite Netsearch
Excite includes approximately 1.5 million indexed pages, including newsgroups. Check out the Excite NetSearch handbook.

InfoSeek Net Search
Indexes full text of web pages, including selected newsgroups and electronic journals.
Just under one-half million pages indexed. Check out the InfoSeek Search Tips.

Inktomi
As of December 1995, the Inktomi search engine offers a database of approximately 2.8 million indexed Web documents and promises very fast search retrievals. Results are ranked in order of how many of your searched terms are used on the retrieved pages.

Lycos
Lycos indexes web pages (1.5 million +), web page titles, headings, subheadings, URLs, and significant text.
Search results are returned in a ranked order.

Magellan
Magellan indexes over 80,000 web sites. Search results are ranked and annotated.

Open Text Index
Indexes full text of approximately 1.3 million pages. Check out the Open Text Help pages for tips on using this search engine.

WebCrawler
Maintained by America Online, WebCrawler indexes over 200,000 pages on approximately 75,000 web servers. URLs, titles, and document content are indexed.

WWWW -- World Wide Web Worm
Approximately 250,000 indexed pages; indexed content includes hypertext, URLs, and document titles.

Yahoo
A favorite directory and search engine, Yahoo has organized over 80,000 Web sites (including newsgroups) into 14 broad categories. Yahoo also maintains a comprehensive list of links to Yahoo - Computers and Internet:Internet:World Wide Web: Searching the Web other web search engines, indexes, and guides.

Finally the internet is a huge source of information in all fields of knowledge.
Datum will take your hand through this incredible world of
information to get what you need in a fast, reliable
and professional way. 

Source : DATUM Company and Internet Access Magazine .

www Clients or "Broswers"

The program you use to access the WWW is known as a browser because it "browses" the WWW and requests these hypertext documents. Browsers can be graphical, like Netscape and Mosaic, allowing you to see and hear the graphics and audio; text-only browsers (i.e., those with no sound or graphics capability) are also available. All of these programs understand 

http and other Internet protocols such as FTP, gopher, mail, and news, making the WWW a kind of "one stop shopping" for Internet users.

 

Chatting:

Internet Relay Chat (IRC), the other method for Internet conversation, is less common than talk because someone must set up the Chat before others can join in. Chat sessions allow many users to join in the same free-form conversation, usually centered around a discussion topic. When users see a topic that interests them, they type a command to join and then type another command to choose a nickname. Nicknames allow people in the session to find you on IRC Networks or Channels.

 

A look at search engines:

The World Wide Web is "indexed" through the use of search engines, which are also referred to as "spiders," "robots," "crawlers," or "worms". These search engines comb through the Web documents, identifying text that is the basis for keyword searching. Each search engine works in a different way. Some engines scan for information in the title or header of the document; others look at the bold "headings" on the page for their information. The fact that search engines gather information differently means that each will probably yield different results. Therefore, it's wise to try more than one search engine when doing Web searching.

The list below lists several search engines and how each one gathers information, plus resources that evaluate the search engines.

Selected Search Engines (listed alphabetically)

Alta Vista

Alta Vista, maintained by The Digital Equipment Corp., indexes the full text of over 16 million pages including newsgroups. Check out the Alta Vista Tips page.

Excite Netsearch

Excite includes approximately 1.5 million indexed pages, including newsgroups. Check out the Excite NetSearch handbook.

InfoSeek Net Search

Indexes full text of web pages, including selected newsgroups and electronic journals.

Just under one-half million pages indexed. Check out the InfoSeek Search Tips.

Inktomi

As of December 1995, the Inktomi search engine offers a database of approximately 2.8 million indexed Web documents and promises very fast search retrievals. Results are ranked in order of how many of your searched terms are used on the retrieved pages.

Lycos

Lycos indexes web pages (1.5 million +), web page titles, headings, subheadings, URLs, and significant text.

Search results are returned in a ranked order.

Magellan

Magellan indexes over 80,000 web sites. Search results are ranked and annotated.

Open Text Index

Indexes full text of approximately 1.3 million pages. Check out the Open Text Help pages for tips on using this search engine.

WebCrawler

Maintained by America Online, WebCrawler indexes over 200,000 pages on approximately 75,000 web servers. URLs, titles, and document content are indexed.

WWWW -- World Wide Web Worm

Approximately 250,000 indexed pages; indexed content includes hypertext, URLs, and document titles.

Yahoo

A favorite directory and search engine, Yahoo has organized over 80,000 Web sites (including newsgroups) into 14 broad categories. Yahoo also maintains a comprehensive list of links to Yahoo - Computers and Internet:Internet:World Wide Web: Searching the Web other web search engines, indexes, and guides.

Finally the internet is a huge source of information in all fields of knowledge.

Datum will take your hand through this incredible world of

information to get what you need in a fast, reliable

and professional way.

FTP File Transfer Protocol

Introduction to FTP, File Transfer Protocol:
Basic commands in FTP:
To do FTP, a user invokes one of two commands:
get the command for transferring a file from another server to your own computer.
put the command for moving a file from your computer to another one.
Who can do FTP? Anonymous vs. authorized priveleges
On many servers, called anonymous FTP servers, anyone can do FTP. All that is required to login is a username (anonymous) and a password (your e-mail address). To get an idea of the many resources available via FTP, you can look at this selected list of FTP servers.
Other servers require you to be a registered "authorized" user before you're permitted to do FTP. In such a case, you would need to contact the system operator for the server you wish to access, and request an authorization and a password. Getting an authorization and password might mean that you can get and put only to specific subdirectories on that server.

Resources available to you via FTP

Freeware
When you download freeware, the author continues to carry the copyright to the software, but permits you to use the program for free. You can share freeware with others, as long as you don't sell it.

Public Domain
When you download public domain software, you can use it freely. The creator carries no copyright, and has released it for anyone to use. There are no limits on distribution or sale--and anyone can modify the program.

Shareware
When you download shareware, the author continues to carry the copyright to the software, but you're permitted short-term use of the program for evaluation purposes. At the end of evaluation period, you must either pay the copyright holder for the program or destroy all copies you've made of it.

Folders and Files

Files
A File is a contiguous group of bytes. For instance, your resume would be contained in a single File. Every File must have a name. Filenames cannot contain the characters
* | \ < > " ? /

Files are also designated by their type. For instance, your resume may have been created in Microsoft Word, but your budget may have been created in Mocrosoft Excel. Files are given an extension, such as .doc, .xls, .pdf, .jpg, .bmp. The extension is located after a period, which is placed between the extension and the filename.

You do not have to type the extension or period when naming a file. The computer program you are working in will perform this operation for you.

Examples of filenames would be:

filename.doc
My file.doc
Letter to Mother.doc
Monthly Budget.xls
Dog.bmp

File Storage
Files are stored on disks. The floppy disk (called "floppy" because inside the plastic casing there is a flexible disk) is placed in the A: drive and the hard disk inside the computer is generally the C: drive.

Folders
Folders can be created on storage disks to help organize information. Folders have an icon resembling a file folder. An example of a folder is "My Documents."

"My Documents" folder is located on the hard disk C:. In most computer programs, "My Documents" is the location where files will be stored.

If you want to change the location of where files will be stored, you must make sure that the disk you would like to store your information on is the designated disk.

Image Files

Introduction to Image Files

The format of an image to be used on the Web should be a file type that is "cross-platform" which means that several types of operating systems can use that file type. Platforms are operating systems and system configurations such as a Macintosh running OS X on the G4 with dual processors, a PC running Windows XP, or another computer running the Linux operating system. Your images will need to be in a format that all of the computers operating on the Web can use. Popular file formats for Web use are the GIF and JPEG file formats. All graphical browsers support GIF and JPEG file formats. PNG file formats can only be recognized by some of the graphical browsers but not all of them.
TRANSPARENCY. Transparency is a term used to indicate a GIF89a format file in which a selected color is "taken out" of the graphic file when displayed, so that the browser background shows through the image making the image appear to "float" on the screen. JPEG files do not support transparency nor do GIF87a images.

Image Software

Creating and manipulating images requires drawing or graphics programs and tools. Paint Shop Pro, Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator are used by Web designers.
Windows users can use Paint Shop Pro, Adobe PhotoShop, CorelDraw and other graphics programs.
Macintosh users: Adobe PhotoShop is available for the Macintosh computer and Quark Express is another publishing and photo editing program for the Mac.
Unix platform developers can use the program called xv developed by John Bradley. This program handles the file formats of GIF, PM, PBM, XBM, RAS, JPG, and TIF and translates them into other file formats (the same as listed, plus PS).

Types of Images

The following list contains several of the image formats and one to trick you. Find the fake one. I have used .GIF , .JPG and .BMP images on Web pages.
BMP Microsoft Windows BitMaP file
CUR Microsoft Windows CURsor file
EPS Encapsulated PostScript file
GIF CompuServe Graphics Image Format
HDF Hierarchical Data Format
ICO MS Windows ICOn file
ICON Sun Icon and Cursor file
JPEG (.JPG) Joint Photographers Experts Group file
MPNT Apple Macintosh MacPaiNT file
.NIF Not Image File
PBM Portable BitMap file
PGM Portable Grayscale Map file
PIC PIXAR PICture file
PICT SoftImage PICT file
PIX Alias PIXel image file
PNG Portable Network Graphics
PNM Portable aNy Map file
PPM Portable Pixel Map file
PS PostScript
RAS Sun RASterfile
RGB Silicon Graphics RGB image file
RGBa 4-component Silicon Graphics image file
RLA Wavefront raster image file
RLE Utah Runlength-Encoded image file
RPBM Raw Portable BitMap file
RPGM Raw Portable Grayscale Map file
RPNM Raw Portable aNy Map file
RPPM Raw Portable Pixel Map file
SYNU Synu image file
TGA Truevision Targa image file
TIFF Tagged Image Format file
VIFF Khoros Visualization Image File Format
X Stardent AVS X image file
XBM X11 BitMap file
XWD X Window Dump image file

Adobe Reader

2.) Adobe Reader
Viewing PDF Files
Adobe Reader (previously known as Acrobat Reader) is freely distributed to allow anyone the ability to view and print PDF files. The Reader does not have the capability to create or edit PDF files. Otherwise, the interface looks similar to Acrobat and the navigation tools are the same.
Printing PDF Files in Adobe Reader
You can print your PDF files from Adobe Reader. You have the following print options:
• Print the whole document (File-----> Print)
• Print selected pages
Note: See Help under Printing Adobe PDF Documents for more details about the Print dialog box options.
o Select the desired page thumbnails in the Pages tab.
o Ctrl+click or Shift+click to select multiple pages.
o File ------> Print.
• Print an area of a page
o Use the Snapshot tool to define the area.
o File ------> Print and choose Selected Graphic
• Comments And Forms – select from the menu in the Print dialog box.
o Document – prints document contents and form fields
o Document and Markup – prints contents, form fields, and comments
o Document and Stamps (default) – prints content, form fields, and stamps (but no other markup like comments or pencil lines)
Copy & Paste in PDF Files
Although you are not allowed to edit PDF documents with Adobe Reader, you can copy text, images, or a combination of text and images to your clipboard to paste into other documents, such as a Microsoft Word document or a Photoshop image.
Text
Use the Select tool to select the text you wish to copy and choose Edit ----> Copy.
If Cut & Copy options are unavailable, the author may have set restrictions against copying text. Also, if the document was not properly tagged, you may not be able to preserve formatting and/or you may end up copying unwanted content such as header/footer information
Images
With the Select tool active, when you place your cursor over an image the pointer changes to a cross-hair. The Select tool is now in image selection mode.